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This article explains why applying tcpdump/libpcap BPF filters on mixed tagged VLAN and untagged ethernet traffic requires great caution. There reason for that is the magic 'vlan' keyword shifts all filters by 4 bytes to the right.

A week ago I needed to filter VLAN traffic with tcpdump. Everything went well, as long as *only* tagged or *only* untagged traffic was given as input. However, when trying to filter say UDP packets out of traffic that contains both tagged and untagged packets, tcpdump screwed my filters. As I think this situation may happen to some more people, here some input for nerds struggling with the same issue in the future.
This simple BPF filter should basically deliver all UDP packets, regardless whether the traffic is tagged with a VLAN tag or not. But: it doesn't. The issue is that tagging traffic inserts four more bytes (namely the VLAN ID) to the ethernet (or more precisely IEEE 802.1Q) header. Without specifically asking for VLAN traffic in the BPF filter, every traffic is parsed as untagged traffic. Thus, the specified filter delivers only untagged UDP packets (i.e., their frames) and drops all tagged traffic.
Now watch out: similar things happen if you specify the mysterious 'vlan' keyword in the tcpdump filter. After specifiying the 'vlan' keyword, the *subsequent* filters are matched against traffic shifted by 4 bytes to the right. Note that this is also true if you specify 'not vlan' as filter. The internals of how tcpdump translates the BPF filter are exposed when calling tcpdump with the -b option:

BPF translation of filter 'not vlan and udp':

What do we see here? Although we explicitly specified to have untagged traffic, our filter fails and matches UDP traffic that has no VLAN tag but is shifter by 4 byte to the right (i.e., it matches nothing). Our fault was to specify the 'vlan' keyword, such that all preceding filters ('udp') are matched against shifted traffic. To cope with this issue, one should be careful in which order the filter is put together. If we want to match both tagged and untagged UDP traffic, we have to specify the following filter:

Filter UDP traffic, both VLAN tagged and untagged:

Or, the generic solution:

Generic filter expression that matches VLAN tagged and untagged traffic:

If you want to filter only untagged traffic, specify the following:
Long story short: When using tcpdump (or libpcap), be careful where to put the 'vlan' keyword in your expression. In general, it's a very bad idea to specify the keyword twice, unless you pack VLAN traffic into VLAN traffic. Maybe these examples are more explanative than the quote below taken from the tcpdump manpage: 'Note that the first vlan keyword encountered in expression changes the decoding offsets for the remainder of expression on the assumption that the packet is a VLAN packet.' Recall this (admittedly sometimes strange) behavior is not a bug...
Thanks goes to Nuno Paiva, who sent me an example how to solve matching mixed traffic. Thanks to Dan Cox who spotted missing quotes. Thanks to Max Lukoshkov for spotting a language issue (subsequent vs. preceding).

Berkeley Packet Filter Little Snitch

1) Installing packet filter support tcpdump relies on a kernel option that ordinarily isn't enabled. You can fix this either by adding 'options PACKETFILTER' to the system's configuration file and rebuilding (via doconfig -c). Feb 08, 2020 The Little Snitch now monitors access to Berkeley Packet Filter devices. Download DEV-C 5.0.4.9.9.2 for Windows. Filehippo.com DA: 13 PA: 16 MOZ Rank: 29. Dev-C is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the C programming language; It presents a feature-rich environment, tools for writing and debugging, as well as a compiler to provide you with all the tools necessary to program software in C.The program is a fork of the Bloodshed Dev-C. Note that the filter applies to the original packet, not the encapsulated packet. So if you run tcpdump on a net with an IP Multicast tunnel, you cannot filter out the datagrams using the conventional syntax. (You can filter away all the ip-in-ip traffic with 'not ip proto 4'.) - print-nfs.c: Keep pending rpc's in circular table.